An integrated process for design and control of lunar robotics using AI and simulation
Lindmark D, Andersson J, Bodin K, Bodin T, Börjesson H, Nordfelth F, and Servin M. arxiv:2509.12367 [pdf].
We envision an integrated process for developing lunar construction equipment, where physical design and control are explored in parallel. In this paper, we describe a technical framework that supports this process. It relies on OpenPLX, a readable/writable declarative language that links CAD-models and autonomous systems to high-fidelity, real-time 3D simulations of contacting multibody dynamics, machine regolith interaction forces, and non-ideal sensors. To demonstrate its capabilities, we present two case studies, including an autonomous lunar rover that combines a vision-language model for navigation with a reinforcement learning-based control policy for locomotion.

Graphical abstract.

This research was supported in part by the Swedish National Space Agency through Rymdtillämpningsprogrammet (dnr 2024-00310, AILUR), by the European Space Agency (ESA) under the Discovery Programme through activity no. 4000146486 “Lunar Robotic Construction with Raw Regolith,” and by the European Commission through the XSCAVE project (HORIZON-CL4-2024-DIGITAL-EMERGING-01-03, RIA, Grant Agreement No. 101189836)..

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